Reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is an essential parameter for hydrological modeling, irrigation planning and for studying the impacts of climate change on water resources. This work evaluate 20 alternative methods of estimating ET0 in order to adapt them to the climatic context of the 3 mains basins of Senegal where very little climate data is available. The methods of Valiantzas 1, Doorenboss & Pruitt and Penman are the most robust for the estimation of ET0 in this context.

The analyze of the trends of ET0 at the scale of the Senegal, Gambia and Casamance river basins using reanalyze data of NASA/POWER over 1984–2019 shows that ET0 increases significantly in 32% of the Senegal basin and decreases in less than 1% of it. In the Casamance and Gambia basins, the annual ET0 drops by 65% and 18%, respectively. Temperature and relative humidity show an increasing trend over all basins while wind speed and radiation decrease, confirming the so-called "evaporation paradox".

We propose a decision support tool that detect the occurrence of flooding by drainage overflow, with sufficiently short calculation times. The simulations are based on a drainage topology on 5m grids, incorporating changes to surface flows induced urbanization. The method can be used for flood mapping in project mode and in real time. It applies to the present situation as well as to any scenario involving climate change or urban growth.

This short paper is the preface of the PIAHS volume of the IAHS/UNESCO FRIEND-Water conference of Cotonou in November 2021.

This dataset provides a set of hydrometric indices for about 1500 stations across Africa with daily discharge data. These indices represent mean flow characteristics and extremes (low flows and floods), allowing us to study the long-term evolution of hydrology in Africa and support the modeling efforts that aim at reducing the vulnerability of African countries to hydro-climatic variability.