Articles | Volume 382
https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-815-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-815-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Pre-conference publication
| 
22 Apr 2020
Pre-conference publication |
| 22 Apr 2020
| 22 Apr 2020
Dutch national scientific research program on land subsidence: Living on soft soils – subsidence and society
Esther Stouthamer
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan
8A, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
Gilles Erkens
Deltares Research Institute, Daltonlaan 600, 3584 BK Utrecht, the
Netherlands
Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan
8A, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
Kim Cohen
Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan
8A, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
Dries Hegger
Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University,
Princetonlaan 8A, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
Peter Driessen
Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University,
Princetonlaan 8A, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
Hans Peter Weikard
Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1,
6706 KN Wageningen, the Netherlands
Mariet Hefting
Department of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8,
3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
Ramon Hanssen
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD
Delft, the Netherlands
Peter Fokker
TNO-Geological Survey of The Netherlands, Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB
Utrecht, the Netherlands
Jan van den Akker
Wageningen Environmental Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB
Wageningen, the Netherlands
Frank Groothuijse
Utrecht University, Centre for Water, Oceans and Sustainability Law,
Newtonlaan 201, 3584 BH Utrecht, the Netherlands
Marleen van Rijswick
Utrecht University, Centre for Water, Oceans and Sustainability Law,
Newtonlaan 201, 3584 BH Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Luigi Bruno, Bruno Campo, Bianca Costagli, Esther Stouthamer, Pietro Teatini, Claudia Zoccarato, and Alessandro Amorosi
Proc. IAHS, 382, 285–290, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-285-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-285-2020, 2020
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The effects of land subsidence could be devastating on heavily settled coastal plains. In a scenario of sea-level rise, high costs are expected to protect coastal cities and touristic hotspots and to keep drained reclaimed lands. In this work, we calculated subsidence rates (SR) in the Po coastal plain, over the last 5.6 and 120 thousand years, providing information about land movements before human intervention became the main driver of subsidence, through water and gas withdrawal.
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Proc. IAHS, 382, 825–829, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-825-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-825-2020, 2020
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This paper analyses whether and to what extent public decision-making, which controls land subsidence due to groundwater table lowering and its societal impacts, is organised effectively to reduce these societal impacts, and how the legal framework can be improved to achieve that.
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For many subsiding coastal areas, solutions to subsidence are readily available, but difficult to implement. To facilitate decision making and implementation of measures to subsidence, a sound and shared knowlegde base is required. But how to start creating such a knowledge base? This paper presents a comprehensive, step-by-step approach to address land subsidence, illustrated by best practise examples from around the world. This 6M approach will contribute to lowering the threshold to act.
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The potential for subsidence of Holocene deltas due to peat compaction is mainly determined by the 3D distribution of different lithologies, and associated geotechnical properties, in the subsurface. Our study shows that sequences containing thick high-organic peat layers with no or a thin clastic overburden have the highest potential for high amounts of subsidence due to compaction. In addition, peat layers above groundwater level have high potential for subsidence due oxidation and compaction.
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Proc. IAHS, 372, 179–182, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-179-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-179-2015, 2015
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Deltas are increasingly under pressure from human impact and climate change. Ensuring future delta life requires sustainable management of deltas. Future Deltas is an interdisciplinary research program of Utrecht University, The Netherlands, with an international focus. It aims to understand drivers of change in deltas, predict impacts and optimize solutions and importantly contributes to the development of integrated sustainable and resilient delta management strategies.
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Land subsidence rates of ~1-4 cm yr-1 are measured in the low-lying Vietnamese Mekong Delta. These relatively high subsidence rates are attributed to groundwater extraction, which has increased drastically over the past decades. There is an urgent need to go from measurements to predictions to test future groundwater management scenarios and reduce subsidence. In this study, we present an approach to build a 3D geo-hydrological model to determine the subsidence potential of the Mekong Delta.
Ralf C. H. Aben, Daniel van de Craats, Jim Boonman, Stijn H. Peeters, Bart Vriend, Coline C. F. Boonman, Ype van der Velde, Gilles Erkens, and Merit van den Berg
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We investigated if radar data from the Sentinel-1 satellite can be used to assess displacements in permafrost areas in the Swiss alps. We discovered that 92 % of the permafrost areas can be visible with Sentinel-1. Next, based on displacement times series derived from radar data we revealed that the ground movements in permafrost areas are 2–3 times as large than in permafrost without areas. This result can help in monitoring permafrost areas and update current permafrost maps.
Jim Boonman, Mariet M. Hefting, Corine J. A. van Huissteden, Merit van den Berg, Jacobus (Ko) van Huissteden, Gilles Erkens, Roel Melman, and Ype van der Velde
Biogeosciences, 19, 5707–5727, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5707-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5707-2022, 2022
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Draining peat causes high CO2 emissions, and rewetting could potentially help solve this problem. In the dry year 2020 we measured that subsurface irrigation reduced CO2 emissions by 28 % and 83 % on two research sites. We modelled a peat parcel and found that the reduction depends on seepage and weather conditions and increases when using pressurized irrigation or maintaining high ditchwater levels. We found that soil temperature and moisture are suitable as indicators of peat CO2 emissions.
Kim M. Cohen, Víctor Cartelle, Robert Barnett, Freek S. Busschers, and Natasha L. M. Barlow
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2895–2937, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2895-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2895-2022, 2022
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We describe a geological sea-level dataset for the Last Interglacial period (peaking ~125 000 years ago). From 80 known sites in and around the North Sea and English Channel (from below coastal plains, from along terraced parts of coastlines, from offshore), we provide and document 146 data points (35 entries in the Netherlands, 10 in Belgium, 23 in Germany, 17 in Denmark, 36 in Britain and the Channel Isles, 25 in France) that are also viewable at https://warmcoasts.eu/world-atlas.html.
Víctor Cartelle, Natasha L. M. Barlow, David M. Hodgson, Freek S. Busschers, Kim M. Cohen, Bart M. L. Meijninger, and Wessel P. van Kesteren
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1399–1421, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1399-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1399-2021, 2021
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Reconstructing the growth and decay of past ice sheets is critical to understand relationships between global climate and sea-level change. We take advantage of large wind-farm datasets in the southern North Sea to investigate buried landscapes left by ice sheet advance and retreat occurring about 160 000 years ago. We demonstrate the utility of offshore wind-farm data in refining palaeo-ice sheet margin limits and providing insight into the processes influencing marginal ice sheet dynamics.
Luigi Bruno, Bruno Campo, Bianca Costagli, Esther Stouthamer, Pietro Teatini, Claudia Zoccarato, and Alessandro Amorosi
Proc. IAHS, 382, 285–290, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-285-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-285-2020, 2020
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The effects of land subsidence could be devastating on heavily settled coastal plains. In a scenario of sea-level rise, high costs are expected to protect coastal cities and touristic hotspots and to keep drained reclaimed lands. In this work, we calculated subsidence rates (SR) in the Po coastal plain, over the last 5.6 and 120 thousand years, providing information about land movements before human intervention became the main driver of subsidence, through water and gas withdrawal.
Henk Kooi and Gilles Erkens
Proc. IAHS, 382, 493–498, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-493-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-493-2020, 2020
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Minimizing land subsidence is of increasing importance in urban areas in The Netherlands. Modelling was done to shed light on various measures to control the water table in reducing land subsidence. Calculations were done for conditions that occur in the city of Gouda. Results suggest, amongst others, that measures that can more permanently raise the water table by a small amount are more effective than measures that prevention a large water table drop during an occasional drought.
Henk Kooi and Gilles Erkens
Proc. IAHS, 382, 499–503, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-499-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-499-2020, 2020
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Creep of soft soils such as clays and peat are important in settlement caused by surface loads. By contrast, creep is not commonly considered in land subsidence driven by groundwater pumping. This is odd, because the subsidence involves the same types of soft soils. A new MODFLOW-2005 land subsidence package is introduced that includes creep. In an application to northern Jakarta it is shown amongst others that creep contributes to subsidence long after drawdown in pumped aquifers has stabilized
Sanneke van Asselen, Gilles Erkens, and Francis de Graaf
Proc. IAHS, 382, 189–194, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-189-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-189-2020, 2020
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Levelling and extensometers are applied to monitor subsidence in a cultivated peatland in Overijssel, The Netherlands, in the period end 2018 to end 2019. Preliminary results show vertical movements in the order of centimeters related to seasonal dynamics (rise in autumn/winter, subsidence in spring/summer) and shorter-term dynamics related to groundwater level fluctuations. Additional data collection is needed to assess long term net subsidence.
Ingrid C. Kroon, Peter A. Fokker, and Jaap N. Breunese
Proc. IAHS, 382, 615–620, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-615-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-615-2020, 2020
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The proper management of subsidence hazards requires a procedure to formulate thresholds and measurement & control loops. In this paper, we therefore propose a phased procedure of setting subsidence thresholds and control loops, intended for general use. The procedure is illustrated with three cases of mining projects from the Netherlands.
Tirza M. van Daalen, Peter A. Fokker, Paul J. F. Bogaard, and Michiel J. van der Meulen
Proc. IAHS, 382, 821–823, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-821-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-821-2020, 2020
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Subsidence forecasts can be improved by squeezing all possible information out of a variety of local data, ranging from geological data that bear information on subsidence potential to geodetic data which allow for subsidence monitoring. This paper will substantiate the value of subsidence information for governance in sensitive areas, using examples in the Netherlands. In particular, the potential role of a nation-wide, freely accessible repository for subsidence data will be highlighted.
Geert-Jan Vis, Erik van Linden, Ronald van Balen, and Kim Cohen
Proc. IAHS, 382, 201–205, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-201-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-201-2020, 2020
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In the coal mining districts of the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany, we identified 662 previously unidentified depressions at the land surface using laser elevation measurements from an aircraft. The timing of their formation based on historical maps and landowner reports, suggest that they mostly formed during the period 1920–1970, the peak of mining activity. Based on their position, density and age, we link the formation of depressions to the coal-mining activities in the region.
Martijn van Gils, Esther Stouthamer, and Frank Groothuijse
Proc. IAHS, 382, 825–829, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-825-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-825-2020, 2020
Short summary
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This paper analyses whether and to what extent public decision-making, which controls land subsidence due to groundwater table lowering and its societal impacts, is organised effectively to reduce these societal impacts, and how the legal framework can be improved to achieve that.
Gilles Erkens and Esther Stouthamer
Proc. IAHS, 382, 733–740, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-733-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-733-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
For many subsiding coastal areas, solutions to subsidence are readily available, but difficult to implement. To facilitate decision making and implementation of measures to subsidence, a sound and shared knowlegde base is required. But how to start creating such a knowledge base? This paper presents a comprehensive, step-by-step approach to address land subsidence, illustrated by best practise examples from around the world. This 6M approach will contribute to lowering the threshold to act.
Thibault Candela, Kay Koster, Jan Stafleu, Wilfred Visser, and Peter Fokker
Proc. IAHS, 382, 427–431, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-427-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-427-2020, 2020
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We propose a novel approach combining data and model for shallow subsidence predictions in the Netherlands.
Kees Nooren, Kim M. Cohen, Jaap H. Nienhuis, and Wim Z. Hoek
Proc. IAHS, 382, 149–153, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-149-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-149-2020, 2020
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Coastal subsidence owing to compaction of Holocene strata affects large delta plains such as the Tabasco delta in southern Mexico (Gulf coast). Collected field-data allows for quantification of differential subsidence over several time windows and reconstruction of relative sea-level rise back to 5000 years ago. Observed differential subsidence of 1–1.5 m is mainly caused by compaction of buried strata in response to the accumulating overburden of the prograding beach-ridge complex.
Gini Ketelaar, Hermann Bähr, Shizhuo Liu, Harry Piening, Wim van der Veen, Ramon Hanssen, Freek van Leijen, Hans van der Marel, and Sami Samiei-Esfahany
Proc. IAHS, 382, 117–123, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-117-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-117-2020, 2020
Huite Bootsma, Henk Kooi, and Gilles Erkens
Proc. IAHS, 382, 415–420, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-415-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-415-2020, 2020
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A tool is presented that allows efficient and largely automated production of predictive land subsidence maps on a national scale in the Netherlands. The tool, based on Python scripts, is named Atlantis and calculates the subsidence induced by phreatic groundwater level management in Holocene soft-soil areas through peat oxidation and consolidation. Process formulation, input datasets and data handling procedures are elucidated. Maps produced with Atlantis will soon be available online.
Peter A. Fokker and Gilles Erkens
Proc. IAHS, 382, 1–4, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-1-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-1-2020, 2020
Timothy Tiggeloven, Hans de Moel, Hessel C. Winsemius, Dirk Eilander, Gilles Erkens, Eskedar Gebremedhin, Andres Diaz Loaiza, Samantha Kuzma, Tianyi Luo, Charles Iceland, Arno Bouwman, Jolien van Huijstee, Willem Ligtvoet, and Philip J. Ward
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1025–1044, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1025-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1025-2020, 2020
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We present a framework to evaluate the benefits and costs of coastal adaptation through dikes to reduce future flood risk. If no adaptation takes place, we find that global coastal flood risk increases 150-fold by 2080, with sea-level rise contributing the most. Moreover, 15 countries account for 90 % of this increase; that adaptation shows high potential to cost-effectively reduce flood risk. The results will be integrated into the Aqueduct Global Flood Analyzer web tool.
A. L. van Natijne, R. C. Lindenbergh, and R. F. Hanssen
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLII-2, 1137–1144, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-1137-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-1137-2018, 2018
Dick J. Brus and Jan J. H. van den Akker
SOIL, 4, 37–45, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-4-37-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-4-37-2018, 2018
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Subsoil compaction is an important soil threat. It is caused by heavy machines used in agriculture. The aim of this study was to estimate how large the area with overcompacted subsoils is in the Netherlands. This was done by selecting locations randomly and determining the porosity and bulk density of the soil at these locations. It appeared that 43 % of the soils in the Netherlands is overcompacted, and so we conclude that subsoil compaction is indeed a serious problem in the Netherlands.
Kees Nooren, Wim Z. Hoek, Tim Winkels, Annika Huizinga, Hans Van der Plicht, Remke L. Van Dam, Sytze Van Heteren, Manfred J. Van Bergen, Maarten A. Prins, Tony Reimann, Jakob Wallinga, Kim M. Cohen, Philip Minderhoud, and Hans Middelkoop
Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 529–556, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-529-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-529-2017, 2017
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We demonstrate that the world's largest beach-ridge plain in southern Mexico was formed under an ample long-term fluvial sediment supply. The beach-ridge elevation is strongly influenced by aeolian accretion during the time when the ridge is located next to the beach. The beach-ridge elevation is negatively correlated with the progradation rate, which we relate to the variability in sediment supply to the coastal zone, reflecting decadal-scale precipitation changes within the river catchment.
E. Stouthamer and S. van Asselen
Proc. IAHS, 372, 173–178, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-173-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-173-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The potential for subsidence of Holocene deltas due to peat compaction is mainly determined by the 3D distribution of different lithologies, and associated geotechnical properties, in the subsurface. Our study shows that sequences containing thick high-organic peat layers with no or a thin clastic overburden have the highest potential for high amounts of subsidence due to compaction. In addition, peat layers above groundwater level have high potential for subsidence due oxidation and compaction.
P. A. Fokker and K. Van Thienen-Visser
Proc. IAHS, 372, 375–378, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-375-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-375-2015, 2015
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Hydrocarbon extraction lead to compaction of the gas reservoir which is visible as subsidence on the surface. We have used surface height difference measurements to quantify compaction of the Groningen gas reservoir in the Netherlands. This procedure yielded areas of increased and decreased levels of compaction compared to the existing compaction model in agreement with observed discrepancies in porosity and aquifer activity.
E. Stouthamer and S. van Asselen
Proc. IAHS, 372, 179–182, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-179-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-179-2015, 2015
Short summary
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Deltas are increasingly under pressure from human impact and climate change. Ensuring future delta life requires sustainable management of deltas. Future Deltas is an interdisciplinary research program of Utrecht University, The Netherlands, with an international focus. It aims to understand drivers of change in deltas, predict impacts and optimize solutions and importantly contributes to the development of integrated sustainable and resilient delta management strategies.
P. A. Fokker, J. Gunnink, G. de Lange, O. Leeuwenburgh, and E. F. van der Veer
Proc. IAHS, 372, 183–187, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-183-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-183-2015, 2015
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The Southern part of the Flevopolder has shown considerable subsidence since its reclamation in 1967. We have set up an integrated method to use subsidence data, water level data and forward models for compaction, oxidation and the resulting subsidence to estimate the driving parameters. We used two forward models: the Koppejan model and the Bjerrum model. In first instance, the Bjerrum model seems to perform better than the Koppejan model.
P. S. J. Minderhoud, G. Erkens, V. H. Pham, B. T. Vuong, and E. Stouthamer
Proc. IAHS, 372, 73–76, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-73-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-73-2015, 2015
Short summary
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Land subsidence rates of ~1-4 cm yr-1 are measured in the low-lying Vietnamese Mekong Delta. These relatively high subsidence rates are attributed to groundwater extraction, which has increased drastically over the past decades. There is an urgent need to go from measurements to predictions to test future groundwater management scenarios and reduce subsidence. In this study, we present an approach to build a 3D geo-hydrological model to determine the subsidence potential of the Mekong Delta.
G. Erkens and E. H. Sutanudjaja
Proc. IAHS, 372, 83–87, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-83-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-83-2015, 2015
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Land subsidence is a global problem, but a global land subsidence map is not available yet. Such map is crucial to raise global awareness of land subsidence, as land subsidence causes extensive damage (probably in the order of billions of dollars annually). With the global land subsidence map relative sea level rise predictions may be improved, contributing to global flood risk calculations.
G. Erkens, T. Bucx, R. Dam, G. de Lange, and J. Lambert
Proc. IAHS, 372, 189–198, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-189-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-189-2015, 2015
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In many coastal and delta cities land subsidence now exceeds absolute sea level rise up to a factor of ten. The total worldwide damage of resulting increased floodrisk and structural damage to structures is estimated at billions of dollars annually. In this study a quick-assessment of subsidence is performed on mega-cities. Results of these case studies are presented and compared, and a (generic) approach how to deal with subsidence in current and future subsidence-prone areas is provided.
T. H. M. Bucx, C. J. M. van Ruiten, G. Erkens, and G. de Lange
Proc. IAHS, 372, 485–491, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-485-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-485-2015, 2015
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In many delta cities land subsidence exceeds absolute sea level rise up to a factor of ten by excessive groundwater extraction related to rapid urbanization and population growth. An Integrated Assessment Framework (IAF) for subsidence is introduced, illustrated by several (delta) case studies. Based on that a list of 10 generic key issues and possible solutions is presented in order to further develop and support a (generic) approach how to deal with subsidence in subsidence-prone areas.
A. F. Bouwman, M. F. P. Bierkens, J. Griffioen, M. M. Hefting, J. J. Middelburg, H. Middelkoop, and C. P. Slomp
Biogeosciences, 10, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1-2013, 2013
Cited articles
Erkens, G. and Stouthamer, E.: The 6M approach to land subsidence, Proc. IAHS, this volume, 2020.
Erkens, G., Van der Meulen, M. J., and Middelkoop, H.: Double trouble: Subsidence and CO2 respiration due to 1,000 years of Dutch coastal peatland cultivation, Hydrogeol. J., 24, 551–568, 2016.
Erkens, G., Stafleu, J., and Van den Akker, J. J. H.:
Bodemdalingvoorspellingskaarten van Nederland, versie 2017, Deltares rapport klimaateffectatlas, 2017.
Koster, K., Stafleu, J., Cohen, K. M., Stouthamer, E., Busschers, F. S., and
Middelkoop, H.: 3D distribution of organic matter in coastal-deltaic peat: implications for subsidence and CO2 emissions by human induced peat oxidation, Anthropocene 22, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2018.03.001, 2018.
Van den Born, G. J., Kragt, F., Henkens, D., Rijken, B., Van Bemmel, B., and
Van der Sluis, S.: Dalende bodems, Stijgende kosten, Report Planning Agency for the Environment (PBL),
report nr. 1064, 93 pp., 2016.
Short summary
Ongoing subsidence is a complex problem for the Netherlands. Old strategies for coping have limits. In the Dutch National Scientific Research Program on Land Subsidence (2020–2025), we will develop an integrative approach to achieve feasible, legitimate and sustainable solutions for managing the negative societal effects of land subsidence, connecting fundamental research on subsidence processes to socio-economic impact of subsidence and to governance and legal framework design.
Ongoing subsidence is a complex problem for the Netherlands. Old strategies for coping have...
